I first wrote about psychologists and torture for Tikkun in 2007 when I was working toward my doctorate in clinical psychology and all hell was breaking loose around revelations that psychologists were involved in torture at Guantánamo Bay and other CIA black sites. I had just started writing my dissertation, which sought to explore the history and social forces that led to such insanity in the profession I was immersing so much time, money, and energy into making my vocation.
I frankly had hoped the whole issue would be resolved by now – the perpetrators would be in prison, the system would be reformed so that it could never happen again, psychologists would have organized and taken a powerful stand against this misuse of power in their name. Yet here we are, ten years after the first revelations of torture appeared in the media, my dissertation long since bound in obscurity in my school’s library, and not only are the revelations still coming, there is only now the first hint of a real investigation into the specific role psychologists played in this process.
Credit: Deb Kory
But as psychologist Steven Reisner states in his new piece in Slate, there would be no torture without psychologists. Also, just this morning there was a very informative and comprehensive segment on Democracy Now! featuring both Steven Reisner and Alfred McCoy, whose book A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror provided the original road map to many of the issues I covered in my dissertation. I was at the 2007 American Psychological Association (APA) Conference in San Francisco shown in this segment, where psychologists made a desperate plea to the APA to put an end to these practices, while military officers in full camo fatigues stood menacingly around the room and Col. Larry James (chief psychologist at Guantánamo) made the case that “if you remove psychologists from these facilities, people will die.”
I’m obviously not going to be able to dive deeply into this issue for purposes of this blog, but I want to offer a few key points for you to keep in mind as the discourse around this recedes out of public consciousness and we all go back to business as usual.
1. This was not the case of a “few bad apples” defaming the good name of our profession. The CIA and the psychology profession have been tight since the beginning of the Cold War, when hysteria about communism led the CIA to begin hiring psychologists to perform research on “mind control.” At the time it was believed that, Manchurian-Candidate style, the whole United States would be hypnotized into communism (it was even believed the Soviets had bought the world’s supply of LSD and were planning to drop acid on the entire U.S. population) and it was important that the U.S. be able to preempt that terrible fate by developing mind-control mastery of our own. Huge Defense Department contracts started rolling out for researchers, who soon became known as “behavioral scientists.” Seriously, google “CIA and LSD” – it will blow your mind.
2. The most notorious of all the research programs commissioned by the CIA was known as MKULTRA. The CIA sent scouts out to APA conferences to find the best and the brightest to study mass mind control and individual coercion. The twenty-five-year program included research on unwitting participants, prisoners of war in Vietnam, and an unknown number of deaths around the world. The Kubark Counter Intelligence Interrogation Manual, a distillation of all of this research, formed the basis of training programs adopted all through Latin America, and guided the CIA’s training of the secret police in Iran and the Philippines. The most famous of these training programs, the School of the Americas, has alone trained over 60,000 Latin American soldiers who have tortured, raped, assassinated, “disappeared,” massacred, and made refugees of hundreds of thousands of people throughout Central and South America.
3. With professional psychology emerging out of war, 15 percent of psychology internship programs and 40 percent of post-doc programs funded by the Veteran’s Administration, and over sixty years of Department of Defense funded research, the psychology profession has a long history of financial embeddedness within and indebtedness to the American military.
4. The American Medical Association and the American Psychiatric Association both condemned participation in any kind of “coercive interrogations” (not just enhanced interrogations) at Guantánamo and other black sites, which left psychologists in a power vacuum. Psychologists, some of us at least, get very excited about power, since we are, among the sciences, considered a “soft science.” In giving the Bush administration an assurance that these enhanced interrogation techniques were based in “good science” (in actuality all experts agree that torture is excellent for producing false confessions), and that they were necessary to avoid further terrorist attacks, psychologists provided the legitimacy the administration needed to subvert both constitutional and international law around the detention of prisoners of war and their treatment therein.
5. Bruce Jessen and James Mitchell, the rich, idiot psychologists who “reverse-engineered” torture tactics to employ on “detainees” of the War on Terror are actually just the tip of the iceberg. There were other psychologists involved in torturing prisoners and, what’s worse, the American Psychological Association actively covered it up with their much-maligned APA PENS Task Force (six of the ten task force members had close ties to the Department of Defense, and five of those six had direct experience with coercive interrogations at Guantánamo, Afghanistan, Iraq or other CIA black sites). There has been no serious investigation into the actions of these psychologists until the recent revelations in Pulitzer-prize winning reporter James Risen’s new book, Pay Any Price: Greed, Power and Endless War. Risen, who had access to hundreds of previously undisclosed emails involving senior APA staff reports that the APA “worked assiduously to protect the psychologists … involved in the torture program.”
6. Just a reminder: Most of the people swooped up into custody and sent to CIA black sites were completely innocent. These roundups included farmers, cooks, taxi drivers – in short, anyone who had been “turned in” for the large bounty (as much as $5,000 per head) that the U.S. promised to Afghan informants. I’m linking here to an article reported on Fox News about revelations by Bush’s Republican former chief of staff to Colin Powell so you know this is not Lefty propaganda. Their lives have been ruined. Here’s a short video about one kid, Fahd Ghazy, seventeen when he was kidnapped, now thirty, who has been trapped at Guantanamo for thirteen years despite being “cleared” to return to Yemen in 2007. Notice the kindness and humanity of his family and the sweet life he used to have.
7. Not a single person involved in the torture program, from psychologists on up to folks in the Bush administration, has been prosecuted. Oh, except for the CIA whistleblower who revealed the existence of the torture program. He’s in prison.
8. No safeguards have been put in place in the American Psychological Association’s ethics code to keep this from happening again. They have made several good sounding statements, but no actual changes have been made. As Steven Reisner states, “In 2008, a group of APA members appealed to the entire membership in a referendum to prohibit psychologists from participating in any operation that violates the Geneva Conventions or the United Nations Convention Against Torture. The referendum passed overwhelmingly and in February 2009 was made APA official policy by the member-run council. Yet to date, APA leadership refuses to implement the referendum, claiming the APA cannot determine when U.S. national security policy violates international law; the APA holds to this position even in the face of judgments rendered by the United Nations Committee Against Torture, for example, as to the illegal status of indefinite detentions at Guantanamo Bay.”
9. It’s just us chickens, folks. No one else is going to make this right for us, and the same handful of vocal psychologists have been out on the frontlines for the last eight years, doing their best to sound the alarm. We therapists are all busy, I know, and we’re doing our best to help individuals transcend and heal from the pain of their lives and find joy and meaning. But the very people who accredit our institutions of learning (you know how everyone goes to APA-accredited schools and gets APA-accredited internships?) supported an illegal and immoral program of torture because… power and money. That and an atmosphere of fear after September 11 that, generally speaking, is extremely hard to resist unless our guidelines, punishments, and incentives (to be instruments of healing) are clear as the bright blue sky.
10. Psychologists, psychotherapists, and anyone professing to have an interest in the psyche, which is the Greek word for soul, simply have no business being anywhere near torture, either in spirit or law. Given that things have only gotten worse politically and economically over the last decade, with violent extremism at an all-time high, there is nothing to keep this from happening again. Get educated. Get involved. Join me in starting a task force of the Network of Spiritual Progressives for psychologists and psychotherapists to work on social justice and healing the planet (email me at: debkory@gmail.com if you are interested)! Join Psychologists for Social Responsibility and Coalition for an Ethical Psychology. Email me about your organization, or one that you know about that is doing awesome work out in the world – I want to know about it! Sign this petition calling for a special, independent prosecutor to investigate and prosecute (if there is sufficient evidence) any former officials involved in torture. If you are not a psychologist, spread the word to psychologists you know and, everyone, be sure to teach this history. The dark side of the profession needs to be known, made conscious, and integrated into our training curricula that is otherwise filled with so much self-congratulatory “expertise.”
I will argue in various ways in upcoming blogs that psychotherapy is fundamentally about love. It is through love that we connect and heal one another and is, in my humble opinion, what is being referred to when we talk about the “therapeutic alliance,” or refer to the ineffable healing process in therapy that scientists just can’t quantify, try as they might. But we therapists mustn’t be content to keep our love confined to the therapeutic hour or the individuals with whom we work. Just because our work with clients is private and confidential doesn’t mean that we must live private and confidential lives. As Martin Luther King Jr. said, “Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice. Justice at its best is love correcting everything that stands against love.” As a group we tend to be conflict-averse and we’re used to holding a great deal of space for complexity, can imagine the inner lives of perpetrators and victims alike, and have trained ourselves to reflect instead of react. In this way we have a great deal to offer the suffering world, but we must step out of the confines of our cozy offices and actually find one another first. Otherwise we are just passing each other in life’s hallway for a quick pee break between sessions.
And for any of you brave souls who would like to know more about the dark side of the psychology profession and its role in torturing people the world over, feel free to request a copy of my dissertation. I’m hoping to turn it into a book and your interest will help motivate me!
–
Deb Kory, PsyD, is a psychologist in private practice in Berkeley, CA and works as content manager for Psychotherapy.net. She was formerly managing editor of Tikkun and has written for Tikkun, the Huffington Post, and Alternet. She currently writes a blog, Bad Therapy, at Psychotherapy.net. A longer version of this blog can be found at Psychotherapy.net.
This is an extraordinarily important article. I hope all the readers of this blog will forward it to all their friends and ask everyone they know to send this to every psychotherapist they know or have ever had contact with. Therapists often close their eyes to the larger economic, political and social realities of the world and claim that their only expertise is in healing “one person at a time.” Yet their talents are badly needed in social change movements–and Deb Kory’s plan to create a task force of psychotherapists to use their skills to assist in social change activism could become a significant benefit to all of us, and a badly needed counter-move to the psychologists who have used their skills to shape and legitimate torture!
You may also listen to Colin Ross on the MKUltra torture subject:
http://de.spiritualwiki.org/Wiki/Bewusstseinskontrolle#toc41
Thank you for this article and for the stance you have taken. This I feel goes deeper than moral outrage but in fact goes to the heart very heart of psychology as a discipline. Actively colluding and participating in torture removes psychology from the realm of health care and if APA knew this, then it has lost all credibility.
What a wonderful article! I’ve heard comments from both positions from the “Gee, it would have been a lot worse if we hadn’t been there!” from psychologists that were most likely well aware that torture is the LEAST effective method to get reliable information to the “How could you let yourself be part of that atrocity?”! I think that this really comes down to a matter of personal INTEGRITY. Being part, in any way, to a torture program is condoning it. You’re fooling yourself if you think you’re “protecting” anyone. It is tacid approval pure & simple. It ceases to be about Mental Health and becomes only about Mental Illness.
Society has put so much emphasis on making a buck as the the buck has made itself scarce ( of course by design by those who control the buck) that it made most of us close our eyes under the fear if we speak up or give a contradiction to what the masters are planing we will be pushed aside or labeled as unpatriotic . Also planting fear in our minds and hearts is another tactics that has been used to make us comply with the wars waged under false flags to terrorize the rest of the world under the claim of spreading Democracy! I just don’t see that democracy any where we have been! We all need to have the courage not to be part nor silent when we witness something done in our name and its not Kosher!